七、大迦叶的禅偈
在《长老偈》里,有40首(1051~1090)禅偈是属于大迦叶尊者所说的。这些诗节反映着这位伟大长老的一些特质和戒德:他的头陀行习惯和少欲知足,他对自巳和他人的严谨,他的独立精神和自信,他的偏好独居修行和远离群众,他的献身于修习止观和献身于禅那的宁静。这些禅偈同时展现着在散文体制的经典里面所不曾流露的——他对周围幽美大自然的情愫。
下面所提供的诗选是英译的作品。开头的禅偈,是大迦叶尊者告诫出家人,对出家生活之四资俱(衣、食、住、医药)的要求要修习少欲知足。
我从山上茅蓬下来, Having come down from my mountain lodging.
进城去托钵乞食。 I entered the city to collect my alms.
我谦恭地走向一个人, Courteously I came up to a man,
一个正在用餐的麻风病人。 A leper who was eating a meal.
他以鳞片状染病的手 With his hand all leprous and diseased
拈起一撮食物供养我。 He offered me a morsel of food.
当他将这撮食物放进钵中时 As he placed the morsel in my bowl
一段破烂的指头脱落在钵中。 A finger broke off and toppled in.
我在一处墙脚边坐下 I sat down at the base of a wall
吃着他布施的这撮食物。 And ate the morsel he had given me.
我食用时和食用后 Wile I was eating and after I had finished
全无厌恶的感受。 I did not feel the least disgust.
残渣碎物为食, Using left-over scraps as food,
腐臭尿液为药,(牛尿为药) putrid urine as medicine (Cow’s urine for medicine),
林间树下为居, The foot of a tree for lodging,
拾缀碎布为衣; A robe made from cast-off rage;
巳经克服欲望的人 One who has gained mastery over these
是真正随遇而安者。 Is truly a man everywhere at home.
(Thag. 1054~57)
有人问大迦叶尊者,为什么他巳到了老迈之年,还要住在岩石山上每天爬上爬下的?他如是回答:
当人们倦累于攀爬 While some grow weary as they climb
这险峻陡峭的岩石山时, The steep slope of the rocky mountain,
迦叶以神通力浮行而上--- Kassapa ascends, buoyed by psychic power---
以正念明觉,为佛陀的法的继承人。The Buddha’s heir, aware and mindful.
每天托钵乞食归来, Having returned from his daily alms round,
攀上岩石山, Having climbed up the rocky mountain,
迦叶安住在离欲的止观里, Kassapa meditates free from clinging,
惧怕和怖畏全然舍离。 With fear and trembling well abandoned.
每天托钵乞食归来, Having returned from his daily alms round,
攀上岩石山, Having climbed up the rocky mountain,
迦叶安住在清净的止观里, Kassapa meditates free from clinging,
止熄了那些灼伤人的情欲。 Quenched among those who burn with passion.
每天托钵乞食归来, Having returned from his daily alms round,
攀上岩石山, Having climbed up the rocky mountain,
迦叶安住在清净的止观里, Kassapa meditates free from clinging,
他所作巳作,烦恼巳断。 His task done, his cankers gone.
(Thag. 1058~61)
有人再问大迦叶尊者,为什么他巳到了老迈之年,还喜欢住在山林中,难道他不喜欢像竹林精舍或其它的修行园吗?他如是回答:
遍地覆盖着kareri花彩, Spread over with kareri garlands,
这地方令我心懭神怡, These regions are delightful to my heart,
山间回向着象群的鸣声,这幺可爱, Resounding with elephants, so lovely,
岩石山脉带给我喜帨。 Those rocky mountains give me delight.
壮丽的深蓝色云层, The splendid hue of dark-blue clouds,
山间溪水潺流,清凉、澄澈, Where streams are flowing, cool and clear,
布满了indagopaka昆虫, Covered with indagopaka insects,
岩石山脉带给我喜帨。 Those rocky mountains give me delight.
像巍峨绝顶的层层深蓝云峰, Like towering peaks of dark-blue clouds,
像高壮山形顶盖的幢幢楼宇, Like lofty houses with gabled roofs,
山间回向着象群的鸣声,这幺可爱, Resounding with elephants, so lovely,
岩石山脉带给我喜帨。 Those rocky mountains give me delight.
岩石的美丽表层经过雨水冲刷, Their lovely surfaces lashed by rain,
山脉是先觉者依止之处。 The mountains are resorted to by seers.
山间共鸣着孔雀啼声, Echoing with the cries of peacocks,
岩石山脉带给我喜帨。 Those rocky mountains give me delight.
立愿修行,这环境够我满意了, This is enough for me, desiring to meditate,
足以让我坚毅精进和保持念觉; Enough for me, resolute and mindful;
这环境足以让我,一个比丘, This is enough for me, a bhikkhu,
坚毅精进,迈向(阿罗汉)目标。 Resolute, desirous of the goal.
渴望安逸,这环境够我满意了, This is enough for me, desiring comfort,
对一个有坚毅心的比丘。 A bhikkhu with a resolute mind.
渴望上进,这环境够我满意了, This is enough for me, desiring exertion,
对一颗不动摇的坚毅心。 A stable one of resolute mind.
像盛开的蓝色亚麻花, They are like the blue blossoms of flax,
像覆盖蓝云的秋空, Like the autumn sky covered with blue clouds,
许多鸟类群居其间, With flocks of many kinds of birds,
岩石山脉带给我喜悦。 Those rocky mountains give me delight.
这里没有在家群众游览山丘, No crowds of lay folk visit these hills,
只有鹿群栖息, But they are inhabited by herds of deer,
和许多鸟类群居其间, With flocks of many kinds of birds,
岩石山脉带给我喜悦 Those rocky mountains give me delight.
宽广的山峡谷水流清澈, Wide gorges are there where clear water flows,
猴群与鹿群流连忘返, Haunted by monkeys and by deer,
地上铺盖湿润的青苔地毯, Covered by wet carpets of moss,
岩石山脉带给我喜悦。 Those rocky mountains give me delight.
五重音乐的大合奏 The music of a five-piece ensemble
未能给我太多喜悦 Can never give me so much delight
因为当时我以心一境性 As I derive when with one-pointed mind
如实内观实相法。 I gain proper insight into the Dhamma.
(Thag. 1062~71)
下面的禅偈,是大迦叶尊者所发出的 “狮吼” 之声:
佛陀教化门徒中, As far as the range of this Buddha-field extends,
除了伟大的世尊他自己, Excepting the great sage himself,
我是头陀行第一者, I am the foremost in ascetic virtues,
无有他人与我等同。 One my equal cannot be found.
我对导师巳尽职, The Teacher has been served by me,
完成佛陀的教法。 The Buddha’s Teaching has been done.
重任巳御, The heavy burden has been dropped,
生死之根巳断 The conduit to becoming has been uprooted.
无量解脱的乔达摩 Gotama the immeasurable does not cling
不贪着于衣、住、食。 To robe, to lodging, or to food.
他纯净得像一朵白莲, He is untainted like a spotless lotus,
巳经出离,超越三界。 Bent on renunciation, beyond the three worlds.
明觉念住是他的颈柱; The foundations of mindfulness are his neck;
这伟大圣者的信心掌握在他双手; The Great Sage has faith for his hands;
此外,完美崇高的智能展现在他额眉;Above, his brow is perfect wisdom; nobly wise,
他无欲宁静地漫行于任何时中。 He ever wanders with all desire quenched.
(Thag 1087~1090)